Re: Post DNA testing information here.
Posted: Tue Jun 27, 2017 12:11 pm
William White Williams DNA ethnic makeup:
4% Southeast Europe
The Southeast Europe cluster consists of present day populations from the areas of Italy, Greece, and the western Balkan states from Bulgaria to Croatia. Present day populations in the Southeast Europe cluster show some of the highest rates of genetic relatedness to the second wave of migration into Europe roughly 11,000 years ago. This wave of migration consisted of Neolithic farmers from the fertile crescent and expanded primarily into southern Europe, incorporating small scattered European hunter-gatherer communities along their path.
The island of Sardinia, having early evidence of postglacial hunter-gatherer inhabitants, was not permanently settled until this migration of Neolithic farmers from the fertile crescent populated it roughly 8,000 – 7,000 years ago. Although a key position in early Mediterranean trade routes, the populations of Sardinia remained relatively isolated genetically, and today, represent a particularly unique connection to Southeast European Neolithic ancestry.
Populations within the Italian peninsula and Greek and Baltic states, however, display more genetic diversity having experienced waves of migration and the rise and fall of numerous civilizations. The Ancient populations on the Italian peninsula generally consisted of the Greek colonies in the south, Etruscan cities in west-central Italy and north of Rome, and Italian cultures – such as Samnites and the Umbrians – who inhabited Rome and central Italy. The western Baltics mostly consisted of small kingdoms until the rise of Alexander the Great’s father Philip II of Macedon (present day Macedonia).
Migrations from Alexander the Great and the Roman expansion, as well as migrations from Slavic tribes, having been forced from the Carpathians by Germanic tribes in the 5th – 6th centuries, into this region illustrate the international reach of these early civilizations.
The Southeast Europe cluster is home to civilizations that many consider to have founded the principles of Western civilization, and continue to influence modern politics, art, and architecture. Greek and Roman influence spans the western and southern regions of this cluster, while the influence of the Hellenistic world of Macedonia and Alexander the Great encompass the Western Balkan states.
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11% Scandinavian
The Scandinavia cluster consists of present day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Due to the remaining ice sheets from the last Ice Age, modern humans did not settle permanently into this region until roughly 9000 BCE. During this time, Denmark and Sweden were connected via a land bridge that enabled migration from continental Europe to the Scandinavian Peninsula roughly 13,000 years ago.
These early hunter-gatherer populations settled along the waterways – lakes, marshes, and rivers. By 6000 BCE, the Ertebolle peoples had established complex hunter-gatherer settlements and seasonal camps along the coastlines. The cultural and technological achievements of these peoples are paralleled in regions of the North European plains stretching eastward to regions in Ukraine and Siberia.
By 2500 BCE, local populations in the Scandinavia cluster had begun farming, and soon established strong trade links with continental Europe. These were particularly robust with populations along the Danube River basin stretching from present day Moldova, west to Germany, and south to the Roman empire.
Chieftain tribes ruled ancient Scandinavia, and the Viking Age was born around 800 CE in the bay between the Gotta River in Sweden and Cape Lindesnes of Norway. Between 800 and 900 CE, Viking populations had taken control of trade from the Dnieper River to the Baltic Sea and Constantinople, connecting them to populations as far away as the Middle East, Western Russia, and Siberia to the east. During the Viking Age (800 – 1050 CE), Vikings spread throughout the Old World in raiding and settlement parties. Vikings traveling west spread as far as North America and conquered areas between such as Ireland, Scotland, England, France, Iceland, and Greenland. Viking populations moving into the east maintained control in the Slavic states along the Baltic Sea, Russia, and Steppe regions until they were forced out by invading Mongol armies.
By the 11th century, the Viking Age had ended and the powers of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway battled for control of the Scandinavia cluster. In 1397 the Kalman Union unified the three powers up to the early 16th century.
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85% British Isles
Modern humans arrived on the British Isles roughly 40,000 years ago via a land bridge that connected these islands to continental Europe. Early hunter-gatherer populations were able to navigate into and out of this region until roughly 6000 – 5000 BCE, when melting ice sheets caused sea levels to rise, and the connection between the populations on the British Isles and continental Europe was severed.
Farming occurred largely as an indigenous adaptation, with limited evidence for the introduction from surrounding colonizing regions by 4000 BCE. Small agricultural communities persisted throughout the ancient time period and is even recorded as the primary lifestyle by Roman invaders in the early 1st century.
By the second millennium BCE trade intensified, and, under control of the Chieftains of Wessex trade, spanned from Ireland into central and eastern continental Europe. The wealth amassed from this intensified trade likely enabled the Wessex Chieftains to begin construction on what would grow to become Stonehenge. These trade practices further solidified a deep genetic connection with populations in the West and Central Europe cluster and areas of Scandinavia.
By 43 CE Roman forces had conquered Britain; but by 500 CE, Celtic tribes (originated in Gaul and Scandinavia) and Asian forces toppled to Roman empire, and the subsequent Celtic Expansions brought Celtic Saxon tribes into the British Isles. Powers in the British Isles also conscripted mercenary populations from continental Europe. The Saxons, Angles, and Jutes came over to support Briton forces defending against the Picts and Scots in the 6th century.
Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the British Isles were invaded and settled by Viking parties during the Viking expansion. Normandy later invaded and solidified cultural and economic connections between the British Isles and continental Europe. To this day, these ancient occupations and trading practices left a lasting impression on the genetic relatedness between populations in the British Isles cluster and Southeast Europe, Scandinavia, and West and Central Europe clusters.
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4% Southeast Europe
The Southeast Europe cluster consists of present day populations from the areas of Italy, Greece, and the western Balkan states from Bulgaria to Croatia. Present day populations in the Southeast Europe cluster show some of the highest rates of genetic relatedness to the second wave of migration into Europe roughly 11,000 years ago. This wave of migration consisted of Neolithic farmers from the fertile crescent and expanded primarily into southern Europe, incorporating small scattered European hunter-gatherer communities along their path.
The island of Sardinia, having early evidence of postglacial hunter-gatherer inhabitants, was not permanently settled until this migration of Neolithic farmers from the fertile crescent populated it roughly 8,000 – 7,000 years ago. Although a key position in early Mediterranean trade routes, the populations of Sardinia remained relatively isolated genetically, and today, represent a particularly unique connection to Southeast European Neolithic ancestry.
Populations within the Italian peninsula and Greek and Baltic states, however, display more genetic diversity having experienced waves of migration and the rise and fall of numerous civilizations. The Ancient populations on the Italian peninsula generally consisted of the Greek colonies in the south, Etruscan cities in west-central Italy and north of Rome, and Italian cultures – such as Samnites and the Umbrians – who inhabited Rome and central Italy. The western Baltics mostly consisted of small kingdoms until the rise of Alexander the Great’s father Philip II of Macedon (present day Macedonia).
Migrations from Alexander the Great and the Roman expansion, as well as migrations from Slavic tribes, having been forced from the Carpathians by Germanic tribes in the 5th – 6th centuries, into this region illustrate the international reach of these early civilizations.
The Southeast Europe cluster is home to civilizations that many consider to have founded the principles of Western civilization, and continue to influence modern politics, art, and architecture. Greek and Roman influence spans the western and southern regions of this cluster, while the influence of the Hellenistic world of Macedonia and Alexander the Great encompass the Western Balkan states.
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11% Scandinavian
The Scandinavia cluster consists of present day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Due to the remaining ice sheets from the last Ice Age, modern humans did not settle permanently into this region until roughly 9000 BCE. During this time, Denmark and Sweden were connected via a land bridge that enabled migration from continental Europe to the Scandinavian Peninsula roughly 13,000 years ago.
These early hunter-gatherer populations settled along the waterways – lakes, marshes, and rivers. By 6000 BCE, the Ertebolle peoples had established complex hunter-gatherer settlements and seasonal camps along the coastlines. The cultural and technological achievements of these peoples are paralleled in regions of the North European plains stretching eastward to regions in Ukraine and Siberia.
By 2500 BCE, local populations in the Scandinavia cluster had begun farming, and soon established strong trade links with continental Europe. These were particularly robust with populations along the Danube River basin stretching from present day Moldova, west to Germany, and south to the Roman empire.
Chieftain tribes ruled ancient Scandinavia, and the Viking Age was born around 800 CE in the bay between the Gotta River in Sweden and Cape Lindesnes of Norway. Between 800 and 900 CE, Viking populations had taken control of trade from the Dnieper River to the Baltic Sea and Constantinople, connecting them to populations as far away as the Middle East, Western Russia, and Siberia to the east. During the Viking Age (800 – 1050 CE), Vikings spread throughout the Old World in raiding and settlement parties. Vikings traveling west spread as far as North America and conquered areas between such as Ireland, Scotland, England, France, Iceland, and Greenland. Viking populations moving into the east maintained control in the Slavic states along the Baltic Sea, Russia, and Steppe regions until they were forced out by invading Mongol armies.
By the 11th century, the Viking Age had ended and the powers of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway battled for control of the Scandinavia cluster. In 1397 the Kalman Union unified the three powers up to the early 16th century.
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85% British Isles
Modern humans arrived on the British Isles roughly 40,000 years ago via a land bridge that connected these islands to continental Europe. Early hunter-gatherer populations were able to navigate into and out of this region until roughly 6000 – 5000 BCE, when melting ice sheets caused sea levels to rise, and the connection between the populations on the British Isles and continental Europe was severed.
Farming occurred largely as an indigenous adaptation, with limited evidence for the introduction from surrounding colonizing regions by 4000 BCE. Small agricultural communities persisted throughout the ancient time period and is even recorded as the primary lifestyle by Roman invaders in the early 1st century.
By the second millennium BCE trade intensified, and, under control of the Chieftains of Wessex trade, spanned from Ireland into central and eastern continental Europe. The wealth amassed from this intensified trade likely enabled the Wessex Chieftains to begin construction on what would grow to become Stonehenge. These trade practices further solidified a deep genetic connection with populations in the West and Central Europe cluster and areas of Scandinavia.
By 43 CE Roman forces had conquered Britain; but by 500 CE, Celtic tribes (originated in Gaul and Scandinavia) and Asian forces toppled to Roman empire, and the subsequent Celtic Expansions brought Celtic Saxon tribes into the British Isles. Powers in the British Isles also conscripted mercenary populations from continental Europe. The Saxons, Angles, and Jutes came over to support Briton forces defending against the Picts and Scots in the 6th century.
Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the British Isles were invaded and settled by Viking parties during the Viking expansion. Normandy later invaded and solidified cultural and economic connections between the British Isles and continental Europe. To this day, these ancient occupations and trading practices left a lasting impression on the genetic relatedness between populations in the British Isles cluster and Southeast Europe, Scandinavia, and West and Central Europe clusters.
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